You are confusing game mechanics with design intent.
Yes, it is a game mechanic, namely one that punishes you for being defeated.
Badges signify some sort of milestone within the game, be it dealing X damage or accruing/paying off Y debt. It's no different than badges for day jobs, which you earn by being logged out. It still doesn't negate the fact that debt is a penalty against your XP gain.
How do you get debt, again? By being defeated. I'd call that "doing something wrong" in the grand scheme of the game's design intent.
If you personally place a lot of value on the debt badge(s), that's fine, but the game treats it no differently than if you randomly happened upon an exploration one. The XP rewards for earning badges is minimal, and outside of any personal value you may place on them, that is the ultimate gauge by which the game judges something as a reward, (excepting other reward items, like enh's or mats/components that badges don't grant in general).